CONFIGURAL INVARIANCE OF SHORT MONEY METAPHOR SCALE (SMMS) IN A WHOLE SAMPLE FROM NIGERIA, KENYA AND SOUTH AFRICA

Abstract

One of the basis of Generative Money Theory V(GMT) and cultural meaning of money literature, 30 items in the domains of Importance, Achievement, and Poverty repulsive obsession were generated. Factor analysis yielded' three factors: Importance-Significance, Achievement-dignity and Poverty repulse obsession-neurotic ambivalence. A 15 item Moaey, Metaphor Scale (AIMS) was developed on the basis of three of these factors. The study provided a testing ground for two substantive cross-cultural theory: Hofstede's (1980) cross-cultural taxonomy and Nnedum's (2009) classical Generative Money theory. The findings of the study debunk conventional taxonomy ~that tends to treat Africa as a monolithic culture. The study recommends holistic theoretical approach in dealing with cross-national research on individualism and MOM in Africa. Recognizing the enigmatic issues in cross cultural research will enhance our understanding of organizational behaviour in Africa. Configural Invsrisnce, as well as contextual validity, were determined and discussed.